McKesson Clinical Reference Systems: Women's Health Advisor 2002.2
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What is a urinary tract infection?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial inflammation in the urinary tract. If left untreated, UTI can cause permanent damage to the bladder and kidneys.

How does it occur?

Urinary tract infection is the result of bacteria that multiply and spread. These bacteria can cause:

• cystitis (bladder infection)
• pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
• urethritis (inflammation of the urethra, the tube that drains urine from the bladder)
• urethral syndrome (painful urination without evidence of bacterial infection in the urine).

Bacteria that cause UTI often spread from the rectum to the urethra and then to the bladder or kidneys. Urinary tract infection is more common in women because the urethra is short, making it easy for bacteria to spread. Sometimes bacteria can also spread from another part of the body through the bloodstream to the urinary tract. The cause of UTI is not always known.

Infections can also occur in the ureters or kidneys. (The ureters are the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder.)

Urinary tract infection is more likely to occur in women who:

• are newly sexually active or have a new sexual partner
• are past menopause
• are pregnant
• have a history of diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, stroke, kidney stones, or any illness that causes the bladder to be paralyzed or to fail to empty completely.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of UTI may include:

• pain or discomfort (burning) when urinating
• pain in the lower pelvis, stomach, lower back, or side
• shaking chills
• fever
• sweats
• nausea and vomiting
• frequent need to urinate
• leaking of urine (incontinence)
• strong-smelling urine
• change in amount of urine, either more or less
• blood in the urine
• pus in the urine
• pain during sexual intercourse.

How is it diagnosed?

To diagnose a UTI, your health care provider will review your symptoms and examine you. The exam may include a pelvic exam. Your provider will check for tenderness of the bladder or kidney area of your back. A sample of your urine may be tested for bacteria and pus.

For repeated infections or symptoms that continue after treatment, your health care provider may suggest:

• An intravenous pyelogram (IVP). An IVP is a special type of x-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
• An ultrasound scan to look at the urinary tract.
• A cystoscopy. This is an exam of the inside of the bladder with a small telescope. It is usually performed by a specialist called a urologist.

How is it treated?

UTIs are treated with an antibiotic. For uncomplicated urinary tract infections you may take a single dose of an antibiotic or you may take the antibiotic for 3 to 10 days. Take all the medicine your health care provider prescribes, even after the symptoms go away. If you stop taking your medicine before the scheduled end of treatment, the infection may come back.

Your health care provider can prescribe a medicine called Pyridium to relieve painful urination while the antibiotics are treating the infection. (This medicine turns your urine a dark orange color.)

If the infection is not treated, your kidneys may be damaged or the infection may spread to your blood. If the infection does spread to the blood, it can be fatal. If you have a severe kidney infection, you will be given IV antibiotics through your veins and you may have to stay in the hospital for 5 to 7 days.

How long will the effects last?

Usually the symptoms of the infection stop in 2 to 3 days.

How can I take care of myself?

• Follow your health care provider's treatment.
• If you have a fever:
  • Rest if you have a fever above 100 degrees F (38 degrees C). After your temperature falls below 100 degrees F (38 degrees C), you may be more active.
  • Drink lots of fluids.
  • Take aspirin or acetaminophen to control the fever.
  • Keep a daily record of your temperature.
• A hot water bottle or an electric heating pad on a low setting can help relieve cramps or lower abdominal or back pain.
• Soaking in a tub for 20 to 30 minutes may help relieve any back or abdominal pain.
• If your symptoms continue for 2 or more days, or if you develop new symptoms, call your health care provider.

How can I help prevent a urinary tract infection?"

You can help prevent UTIs if you:

• After a bowel movement, wipe yourself from front to back to prevent germs in the stool from getting near your urethra.
• Keep your genital area clean.
• Empty your bladder completely when you urinate.
• Urinate soon after sexual intercourse.
• Wear all-cotton or cotton-crotch underwear and pantyhose.
• Don't soak in the bathtub longer than 30 minutes or more often than twice a day.
• Change underwear and pantyhose every day.
• Drink plenty of fluids.
• Avoid using strong soaps, douches, antiseptic creams, and feminine hygiene products (sprays, powders) in the genital area.

This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information is intended to inform and educate and is not a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.